![]() ![]() Current protection can be categorised into two defined areas: wearable and additional. The combination of the two aforementioned factors has resulted in an increase in criminal activity which requires an active police presence to tackle. However, a recent attempted act of terrorism has triggered a review of the current policy by the UK government with the aim to tighten restrictions to better control the sale and use of crossbows. This can be partially attributed to the gap within existing legislation which excludes crossbows from the UK Firearms Act 1968, despite many exceeding kinetic energy density (KED) values shown from air rifles and the ease in which a crossbow can be purchased from both online and high street sources. ![]() The number of serious or fatality-related incidents occurring as a resultant of crossbow-related injury has increased in recent years. Subsequent calculation of the maximum velocity that arrows could achieve if fired from the crossbow within this study shows results close to the overmatch value of each material and therefore a requirement to advance the knowledge in this field to influence the development of more effective armour protection mechanisms. Although perforation was apparent with a more honed tip geometry, the chain mail layering within the para-aramid protection and friction caused by polycarbonate petalling on the arrow body reduced the velocity enough to demonstrate the materials under test are effective at withstanding crossbow attack. The results show that at 67 ms −1, ogive, field and combo tips do not provide lethal effect at 10-m range, whilst a broadhead tip will perforate both the para-aramid and a reinforced area of polycarbonate material consisting of two 3-mm plates at 63–66 ms −1. During this study, four different types of crossbow bolt geometries were tested against two protection mechanisms that differed in mechanical properties, geometry, mass and size. This paper concerns itself with the experimental validation of four differing crossbow bolt geometries, their effects on material failure and potentially lethality. Crossbow-related injuries resulting in serious and mortal consequences have increased in recent years, and although significant research exists for both injury and fatality on the human body, limited data exists on the lethality of the bolt and the failure modes of protective materials. ![]()
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